Don't oversell it. Speaking as someone who has done VLSI layout of a 32-bit processor in my student days, Petzold's book is a solid popularization but it doesn't cover a tenth of what a computer engineering degree does.
Depends on the school, for sure. My CS education included a course on Computer Architecture, for which the final project was to implement your unique architecture on an FPGA and demonstrate it running a (simple) algorithm. I liked that course so much, I went back for Computer Architecture II and learned about pipelining, hazards, etc.
"I'm speaking about MY computer science degree". Fixed that for you.
My computer science degree included courses on microprocessors, circuit design, logic, system architecture, etc. and I think that most rigorous CS programs would also include these.
